Redstone basics in Minecraft: dust, repeater, comparator, observer
A power source sends a signal of strength 15 into Redstone Dust, and the signal loses 1 per block, so a line goes dead after 15 blocks.

Redstone Dust is the wire of every Minecraft machine: placed on the ground, it carries a redstone signal from a power source to doors, pistons, lamps and other components. It is also a crafting and brewing ingredient, mined from Redstone Ore.
It is made with the Crafting Table from Block of Redstone (other recipes also exist).
A line of dust connects by itself to the components around it and climbs up or down one block. A signal starts at strength 15 and loses one level per block of wire, so after 15 blocks it dies out; a Redstone Repeater restores it to full strength. A Redstone Comparator can read a signal instead of simply carrying it.
Dust powers the block it runs into and the block it lies on, which lets one wire switch on a component on the other side of a wall. A lone piece of dust with no connections forms a cross that points in all four directions; use it to turn it into a dot that powers nothing around it.
Outside circuits, Redstone Dust is a key ingredient of the Piston, Observer, Compass, Clock and many other parts. In a Brewing Stand, it makes a potion last longer, and at the Smithing Table it serves as an armor trim material.
Block of Redstone → 9 × Redstone Dust
Redstone Ore → Redstone Dust
Redstone Ore → Redstone Dust
// Slots with several items cycle through every accepted option.
A power source sends a signal of strength 15 into Redstone Dust, and the signal loses 1 per block, so a line goes dead after 15 blocks.
Behind the observers, put a row of solid blocks one level lower and a line of Redstone Dust on them.
two blocks in a row at the comparator's level minus one, with Redstone Dust on top, then a third block one level lower with the third dust on it (layers 3 and 4).
At the Crafting Table: 1 × Block of Redstone gives 9 × Redstone Dust. In a Furnace: 1 × Deepslate Redstone Ore gives 1 × Redstone Dust. It can be found as loot in Village, Woodland Mansion, Stronghold and Mineshaft. It is dropped by Witch. Sold by Villager: Cleric (Novice). Hero of the Village gift: Villager.
It carries redstone signals as wire on the ground, and it is used to craft redstone components, make potions last longer and trim armor. It is an ingredient in 23 recipes, made at the Crafting Table; for example Crafter, Detector Rail, Dispenser, Dropper, Exposed Copper Bulb and 15 more. Brewing: it turns potions into Potion of Fire Resistance, Potion of Invisibility, Potion of Leaping, Potion of Night Vision and 10 more.